Reluctant Fundamentalist and Racism

Reluctant Fundamentalist and Racism Most people across the world think that racism is a topic that is non-existent. As such, they think that racism ceased to be present in America and other parts of the world since people are not under slavery anymore. However, only people who have experienced racism truly know that racism is typically a pervasive feature that is both inferential and overt in the contemporary society. They understand that issues of racism are real and cannot be ignored (Davis 12). People who live in areas that are prone to racism experience discrimination every day at their work, school and neighborhood. As such, they are looked down upon and they fear moving out of their homes to meet with the majority who torment them. By using the issue of race as the means of judging, people tend to generate deep-rooted stereotypes among people. Today, racism has been normalized to the extent that people perceive racism as a non-issue. For instance, in mainstream media such as television, it has become common for f ilmmakers to use racial stereotypes in their programs and yet command big audiences as well as earn huge salaries. This has the implication that the mass media needs to do much before it is considered color blind. In the corporate world, the situation is the same where there are a few blacks and outsiders who are represented in marketing and business departments in organizations. Few minorities such as blacks are employed as agents, concert promoters, retailers, distributors and managers of recording labels in the entertainment industry (Algranati 570). These statistics point to the reality of racism in the contemporary world despite the obvious thinking by most people that it is not in existence. In the book The Reluctant Fundamentalist, the author, Hamid, right from the first page demonstrates how people tend to judge others based on how they dress, their skin color, as well as their mannerisms (Davis 13). It is the behavior of Americans whom he considers racists that shape the at titudes and impressions that Changez has in the United States. Changezs friends, while he is studying at Princeton University, treat him in a respectable manner. However, they still perceive him as being an outsider in America. Later on, as Changez travels to other countries such as the Greece, he experiences subtle forms of racism. This is typified by the fact that even though his colleagues in Greece are not rude and disrespectful to him, they still think that he is an outsider and an exotic â€Å"pet.† Erica, a lady whom he met in Greece, though attracted to him, thinks he is different. Despite his perils, Changez is determined to win Ericas heart by loving her. He is, therefore, deliberate in encouraging Erica as well as her friends to accept him even though he is different. Changez does not yet know who he is and to this extent, he thinks that others do not accept him because they hate him. This paper will examine the theme of racism in The Reluctant Fundamentalist novel and how it affects the characters. In particular, the paper will explore the issue of racism by considering the characters of Chengez and Erica and how they help in illuminating the theme of racism. It will describe their experiences with racism in their won context. This paper will argue that the author has used the characters of Erica and Chengez effectively to demonstrate that the issue racism is real in the society and that the society will need to do more to eliminate the problem. Hamid, in this novel, invites his readers to powerfully but constructively examine the US culture from his perspective of culture. Hamid understands that life in the twenty-first century has rapidly changed and, therefore, people may be ignorant of the critical issues that the twentieth-century individuals had but which the current generation may consider as non-existent but which nevertheless are important. As such, human rights have been upended into constitutions and hence discrimination is criminalized, but only just in books and never anywhere else (Davis 8). For the author, his life depicts that of his main character in the book. The author, like Changez, his twenty-two-old character in the novel, was born in Pakistan. Hamid as a young kid lived in the United States but later traveled back to Pakistan early before he came back to America to pursue his education. To this end, Hamid considers himself as half-American but a New Yorker. He was educated at Princeton and later worked in a leading bank in the United States as a consultant in management. On the other hand, his character entered into the United States when he was enrolled in college. This was the first time that the character interacted with the American culture. Before the September 11 bomb explosion in America, Chengez was only experiencing mild forms of racism while in his day-to-day businesses in America. The attitudes of Americans towards foreigners and especially Muslims changed with the attacks. The World Trade center was bombed by Muslim terrorists and, therefore, most Americans begun to believe that Muslims were terrorists who did not deserve to live in America. They were viewed as criminals and terrorists (Yanow 36). The Americans were not as much concerned about him being around him as it did after the explosions. Being a graduate from one of the most prestigious universities in the world, Changez had hoped that this had epitomized his American dream. Changez had hoped that his life wou ld be characterized by success, status, wealth, and opportunities. Even his accent was already associated with power and wealth and, therefore, considered himself as a New Yorker since he was at the pinnacle of his career. His attraction and romantic relationship that he desired with Erica would crown his successful career as well as his desire to be part of the sophisticated American society. While at the university, Changez tended to give an impression that he was generous and carefree. However, when out of college, he took a three-hour job so as to support his respectable image that he had created among his fellow students. After the attacks, Changez encountered more hostile and overt racism forms in America. This was characterized by the fact that at the airport, he was detained and harassed while being referred to as an Arab even though he was in fact a Pakistani. This was an inferential racism. Inferential racism can be described as the naturalized situations and events that are related to a race, whether fictional or factual. In this case, all the Muslims are thought as Arabs whom Americans thought were all terrorists. There were widespread assumptions that were aimed at discriminating and punishing the Muslims as the Americans believed they were responsible for the attack on World Trade center in New York. It is the idea of racism that shape the common sense of people on how other people should act in the world. As such, racism is taken as a way of explaining and comprehending the world. When people disrupt what others think of themselves and their race, it is more obvious that they will feel the p ain. They will feel some form of discomfort and, therefore, a crisis or a conflict may result. This is typified by the fact that people who are profiled tend to be aggressive seeking their voice to be heard. In the process, they may end up causing conflicts hoping that they would have their voices heard (Yanow 23). He considers the police officers as profoundly unfair and vicious. Therefore, Changez refused to give in during the confrontation. He made things even worse by changing his attitudes and behavior so that it could be obvious that he was a foreigner in manner and appearance. Like most immigrants who were living in the United States during this period, Changez began to be discriminated against. Artificial barriers began to arise so that his opportunities were severely limited. The issues of racial segregation and exclusion were happening even long after several years had passed since the adoption of equal opportunities. It is racism that drives Changez out of the United Stat es and he returns to Pakistan because he could not cope with the mistreatment. Even before the United States became a republic, its society has many instances where people disagreed on the account of racial differences. This resulted into the labor movement emergence, southern plantations as well as the Western expansion. Various groups across the globe have historically encountered specific racial oppression forms. For instance, the blacks were taken as slaves, Native Americans have suffered genocide, and Asians were excluded while Mexicans were colonized. In all these groups, the common denominator was that their fate was associated with historical ideas that others have about the meaning and significance of a race. For a long time, the white view themselves as superior people as compared to the inferior others. They, therefore, wrongly conclude that others should be their subordinates because their culture and organization is superior to that of others. As such, in North America the main source of conflict about race ideology is the idea of â€Å"others† and â€Å"us† (Davis 10). In this case, the white Americans feel that they are better than other races such as the blacks and view others as unfairly competing for the American resources which belong to them. They, therefore, want to push them out of America to their countries. As a result, it is racism and prejudice that lead Chengez to begin his criticism of America despite that he previously loved America. He, therefore, begins to be critical of things and systems in the United States. As he returns home, Changez is a changed person. He is prepared to criticize that same system that belittles and harms his racial and cultural identity. He develops his sense of self when he remembers the consequences of his relationship with Erica. Recently, the preexisting racial boundaries in the United States have been gradually crumbling because they have been threatened by informed and enlightened people (Yanow 18). People are becoming increasing aware that even though they are different, these differences should not be used to judge and discriminate others (Algranati 572). Educated people understand that difference in physical appearances and cultures should never be used to divide people but to unite them. Diversity is celebrated among learned people. Changez’s awakening coincided with the attack on the World Trade Center in the United States. After this attack, new racist incidents against the Muslims were recorded. Typically, before the attack occurred, Chengez never felt conspicuous while interacting with whites in the United States. Only on few instances along the highway did he feel noticeable. However, when the attack occurred, he felt his appearance increase and, therefore, he could be noted easily. As such, while he is walking in shopping malls, and the airports he has to be searched more than his white colleagues. Again, during the same time the FBI began to raid shops, mosques as well as houses seeking to intimidate Muslims and Arabs using derogatory and racist language. He started to feel that the Americans did not deserve to treat other people from a different race in such a demeaning language. He, therefore, made up his mind to start acting like a real Muslim and a Pakistani. He begun to put on a beard so as to symbolize his sense of pride as a Muslim. He was critical of the American culture that prioritizes only economic fundamentalism and which focuses on meritocracy. The American economic system treats employees as clients and business liabilities or assets. Employees existed to increase their productivity so that the business organization could be profitable. He started to challenge his colleages to rethink how they viewed him at work. As he returns to Pakistan, Chengez, just like Hamid, suggests that the society and the workplace ought to create policies that help in resolving conflicts in ways that respect the cultural roots of others and never mock them (Algranati 574). He also observes that the society should not erect boundaries that reinforce racial stereotypes but rather encourage people to transcend the boundaries that racial stereotypes erect (Yanow 11). The society should not be deliberate about erasing the culture of people it considers as minority but help them integrate w ell in their society. In conclusion, Erica is involved in a romantic relationship with Chengez. However, she does not want to be committed to the relationship and, therefore, she wants it to use it so as to reinvent and recreate her previous relationship with an American man, Chris. The plan does not succeed and, therefore, Erica became depressed. When she was admitted to a hospital, she realizes that it was only Changez who, despite being from a different culture, was real. Chengez was making her lose her sanity. Changez, maintains that if people become obsessed with previous things and events, they lose their essence and perspective in life (Yanow 39). In this case, such people miss to understand the beauty of the community that they live in. As Erica was obsessed with the previous dead lover, this experience overrode the present reality, thus threatening her ability to be in other romantic attachments. To overcome the depression it was imperative that Erica agreed to allow this relationship to be intim ate, thus transcending racial boundaries. People must move away from the misconceptions and embrace cultures of other people (Algranati 573). They must embrace diversity in their communities. Therefore, it can be seen clearly that the author has used the characters of Erica and Chengez effectively to demonstrate that the issue racism is real in the society and that the society will need to do more for the issue to come to the end.

Writing Strategies For Students, Proper Modeling Is...

Writing strategy In order to teach essay writing to students, proper modeling is required for essay formats and analysis. A form that teachers can utilize in the classroom is the TEEL (Technique, example, effect, link) model (See Appendix 2.). However, students will work in groups to construct their understanding of textual themes and features that are explored in Life of Pi (Outcomes 2, 5, 12A). Normally, TEEL structures are associated to teacher-centred pedagogy and utilize paper-based learning with limited interaction from teacher to students and collaborations between students, which can deter student motivations in the classroom (Elen et al., 2007; Jones 2007). By using interaction and group-based learning the teacher will be able to†¦show more content†¦Module C: Representation and Text Elective 1: Representing people and politics Module C explores the representations of people and politics through text to consider how texts portray perspectives on politics, â€Å"ideas, events or situations† (BOSTES, 2014, p.20). Using Brave New World (1932) by Aldous Huxley, which is a prose fiction text, students are able to explore how politics and actions can influence society and lives, creating a dystopia that devalues humanity (BOSTES, 2014, p.20). As the book is a study of political agenda, students are also expected to draw attention how certain vocabulary and language features can shape meaning to the text (Outcomes 1, 3, 4 and 7) (BOSTES, 2012). There are also a variety of different interpretations that exist in the text such as the dystopia created by power and lack of freedom as well as the struggle to be free. By exploring this text in an all girls’ school, students are able contrast the representations women in the text such as the control over a woman’s body and sexuality as well as socia l circumstances through Huxley’s early 20th century context. The text is set in London, where society has become industrialized and controlled by a social construct of a â€Å"World State†. This concept provides insight into the ambitions of humans and that politics is so powerful that it can influence the way society acts. There is an obvious dystopia created around the segregation of humanity and the politicalShow MoreRelatedAncient Egypt7342 Words   |  30 PagesAncient Egypt This unit is designed to allow students to explore concepts surrounding Ancient Egypt. Students will explore culture, socio-political and science of Ancient Egypt through reading, writing, mathematic, science and artistic endeavors. 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Just in Time Approach in Inventory Management Free Essays

2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING nd nd JUST IN TIME APPROACH IN INVENTORY MANAGEMENT Abdul Talib Bon (Corresponding author) Faculty of Technology Management, Business and Entrepreneurship Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia Tel: +60127665756 E-mail: talibon@gmail. com Anny Garai Faculty of Technology Management, Business and Entrepreneurship Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia Tel: +60137016298 E-mail: anniegarai_87@yahoo. com. We will write a custom essay sample on Just in Time Approach in Inventory Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now y Abstract Quality improvement and costs control are vital to organizations for work performance enhancement and fulfilling customers’ requirement. Inventories that are stored in large amount of quantities will result in waste and space usage. One effective solution is using Just in Time (JIT) concept as a method to reduce costs, improve quality and meet the ever-changing customer needs. The adoption of Just in Time (JIT) concepts seems to be the most effective way to overcome these circumstances. JIT is management philosophy that emphasizes on eliminating waste and increase productivity. The main purpose of this research is to find out whether the implementation of JIT would reduce the inventories at Electronics component industry especially at the parts producing stamping of FCM. This research is done by case study. Therefore the data collection would be using secondary data which is the documentation from FCM itself and also via observation. The data were analyzed by doing the comparison before and after the implementation of JIT using Microsoft words excel. From the analysis that had been done, the implementation of JIT had increased the inventories management at the stamping parts production. As the conclusion, the implementation of JIT in the inventory management at the parts production stamping at Electronics component industry had successfully reduce the inventories level while improving the inventory level. Keywords: Stamping Production, Just in Time, inventory management, electronics component industry. 1. Introduction Globalisation phenomena had created the business without boundaries. Most of the organisation nowadays only focuses in two main elements that can influence the global market, which is customer satisfaction and also the product and services quality. Organisation all around the world need to take the initiative to increase the product quality to satisfy the needs and customer demand that always change besides minimizing the production cost. This initiative is needed to keep the challenge at the market (Canel, et al. , 2000). One of the most effective solutions is with the application of Just in Time (JIT). Application of JIT could involve few important elements at organisation such as production level, marketing level, engineering level and purchasing level. The application of JIT more focuses on management process. Therefore, JIT can be applied at varying process. (Canel, et al. , 2000). JIT is the concept of management that invented specially to avoid waste. This is in order to minimize the waste and increase the productivity (Zhu and Meredith, 1995). JIT is one type of Lean Manufacturing (Yen, 2003). Lean manufacturing is the process to control the production which depends on the demand by the customers. It is also act to reduce waste. The application of Lean Manufacturing can reduce the stock, work space and the production of raw materials. This philosophy can maximize the production (Forza, 1996). At Malaysia context, application of JIT is not popular. According to Simpson, et al. , (1998), JIT had been applied by national automotive firm as a transitory JIT. Transitory of JIT is one of the ad hoc inventory models. This is can give half of the inventory in order to reduce the production 2562 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING nd nd cost beside can make the technology transfer at the international level. This research is made to study the application of Just in Time (JIT) in inventory management at stamping production at Electronics component industry. 1. Background of Study At FCM there is lot type of inventories and this requires a huge space to restore it. Therefore FCM need to prepare an enough space. How ever, this situation requires FCM to overcome the cost of restore. But this is not the really big issues to FCM. What really worries FCM management is the huge batch of inventories. The batch of inventories had caused FCM loss in profit because there is no moving out of the output to customer. Therefore the cases are also not only arises due to this problem. Besides that, in Japanese firm, the concept of keeping the inventory is a big waste in industry. Based on this problem, Heizer J. Render B. (2006), Just in Time (JIT) is the best strategy to increase the operation especially at the inventory management. However, if the raw material cannot be delivered during the production, there would be a big problem. 1. 2 Problem Statement This study is to elaborate the JIT application in inventory management at the stamping production at FCM. The problems that occur in this study are what is the importance of application of JIT in order to influence the inventory management at the stamping production at FCM? 1. Objective In this research, researcher has the stand to achieve the objective so that it could be archived. The objective is to study the application of Just in Time (JIT) in inventory management at Stamping Production at Electronics component industry. 1. 4 Scope Of Study The scope of study is focused at the stamping production at Electronics component industry. The main products of FCM are keyboard and relays. Respondents that invo lved are top management and the staff at stamping production of FCM. Data would be collected through qualitative method and be analysed quantitatively. From this study, the researcher hopes that can help Electronics component industry on the applications of JIT in their operation. The researcher hopes that with this study, it can help Electronics component industry and academician which is up to the upcoming researchers. 2. Literature Review JIT is not the new concept in production sector (Stevenson, 2001). It started during 1920 and being used by Henry Ford at the automation industrial. JIT is one of the Lean Manufacturing that had been introduced by Toyota Motor Corporation to increase the work quality and production. The application of JIT in Lean Production will give good return in production process. These philosophies would make the production even faster and to reduce the inventories stock. 2. 1 Lean Production and Lean Manufacturing Lean Manufacturing first introduced as systematic ways to reduce or terminate the waste. It is the management philosophy that require commitment from responsible person that relate with reduced waste, make the work procedure become smooth and optimize the production (Chase, et al. , 2001). Lean Manufacturing firstly introduced by the Toyota Motor Corporation. Which is involved the inventory management, quality control, industrial relationship, 2563 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING nd nd employee management and relationship between factory and the suppliers (Bowen and Youngdahl, 1998). JIT is one of the elements in Lean Manufacturing meanwhile Lean Production is known as Big JIT. It is the philosophy of management operation that act to terminate the waste in every aspect in production such as industrial relationship, vendor relationship, technology, raw material management and inventories (Chase, et al. 2001). Lean Production can use to reduce time, inventories, space, employees and production cost. 2. 2 Just In Time (JIT) Usually, JIT process being implemented in the organisation that reached the highest application of JIT. Wagner M. S and Silveira- Camargos V , 2009). This is because organisation and the supplier should have a good relationship and believe because when there is demand from factory, the suppliers can supply them on time. The first way to implement JIT is build a good relationship with the suppliers, customers and also sub-contractor to reduce inventory â€Å"buffer† to few hours. According to Canel, et al. , (2000), JIT aims is to reduce time waiting during production process. Therefore, the cost of inventories not only can be minimized but also the time for the production also shortens. JIT concept is not saying about the standardisation or the way of managing but it really focusing on the zero inventories 2. 3 Benefits of Application of Just In Time in Lean Production The application of JIT would give a lot of benefits such as to the producer to increase the quality to fulfil the customer demands and reduce the inventories and built a good relationship with the supplier (Salaheldin, 2005). Positive of JIT application can successfully give benefit to three communities, which is supplier only, purchased only or both. The benefits are, reducing in inventories and time waiting for the inventories, increase the quality and technical support, increase productivity, reduce waste and machine maintenance (Wafa, et al. , 1996). JIT actually help to reduce machine maintenance and at the same time, to make sure the suppliers can produce the inventories on time (Yasin, et al. , 2001). According to Yasin, et al. 2002), the big problem of JIT application is employer issues and the suppliers. Employer issue is about the objection of JIT concept, less supportive of JIT and less of employees. 3. Methodology This study is using action research that is descriptive and makes the research by quantitative. In this study, researcher would use observation and data collection from the result of the observation. 4. Data Analysis 4. 1 Introduction This chapter would discuss and analysis the data that had been collected from FCM. There are four different data that had been provided by the researcher according to the case. For the first case, the researcher would get the standard time during the raw material collected from the rack and the replace at the turn table using forklift. The second case is the machine die setup. Meanwhile the third case is standard time for winding process. The time is counted during the winding process and the material place at the stand before and after the winding process. For the last case, is during packing and deliver the part to the warehouse. This chapter also would discuss about type of test and analysis to the case to make sure that the data is valid and researcher can get a clear vision about the elements of Just in Time (JIT) being implemented by the FCM. 2564 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING nd nd 4. 2 Results of Study In this study, researcher would discuss the results that researcher gets from the study. All the data that had been collected by the researcher would be divided according to the case and according to the flow chart of stamping production refer to Figure 1. Figure 1 shows Standard Time (ST) and Cycle Time (CT) according to the cases that had been studied. ST = 10. 8 min CT = 10 times ST = 480 min ST = 5. 37 min ST = 17 min KES 1 KES 2 KES 3 KES 4 Raw Material Stamping Process Winding Packing Warehouse Figure 1: Stamping Flow Chart 4. 2. 1 Analysis of Case 1 This section would show the data collected from case 1 for the application before and after the part production stamping. In this case 1 (refer Figure 2) the standard time would be the counting from the raw materials from the racks to the turntable using forklift and then the return back of the forklift to the place. Refer from Figure 3 as shown the graphs for before and after the applications of JIT for case 1. ST/CT Raw Material Stamping Process Figure 2: Case 1 2565 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING nd nd Figure 3: Graph Before and After Application of JIT (Case 1) 4. 2. 2 Analysis of Case 2 For case 2, (refer Figure 4) is to reduce the standard time that is using for die setup. Figure 5 showed the graph before and after application of JIT. . ST Stamping Process Figure 4: Case 2 Winding 2566 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING d nd Figure 5: Graph Before and After Application of JIT (Case 2) 4. 2. 3 Analysis Case 3 For case 3, (refer Figure 6) is to reduce standard time for winding process. Figure 7show before and after application of JIT for Case 3. ST Winding Figure 6: Case 3 Packing 2567 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING nd nd Figure 7: Graph Before and After Application of JIT (Case 3) 4. 2. 4 Analysis Case 4 For case 4, (refer Figure 8) is to reduce standard time during packing and deliver to warehouse. Figure 9 show the application of JIT before and after. ST Packing Figure 8: Case 4 Warehouse 2568 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING nd nd Figure 9: Graph Before and After Application JIT (Case 4) 5. Conclusion The purpose of this study is to make sure the application of concept Just In Time (JIT) at Electronics component industry especially at the stamping production. This chapter would discuss about the results of the analysis according to the objective and problem statement. The discussion would focus in certain case at stamping production depend of the results that analyze from before and after the application of JIT. Besides that, this chapter also would discuss the suggestion. After the analysis, application JIT in inventory management at stamping production is depend on the activities below: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) Raw material always in enough quantities. Work in process always at the minimum quantities. Finished good would directly deliver to buyers. Wasting work in process seldom occur. Buffer stocks always at the minimum quantity. Delivering raw material depends on demand only. Space for inventories is small. Time table scheduling is made by the suppliers. Delivering materials is more often and only at small size. 2569 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING nd nd (x) (xi) (xii) Long term relationship is built between suppliers. Suppliers is advised to use the application of Just in Time (JIT) , and The employers should give the commitment on inventories and quality. Besides that, researcher has little suggestion to the upcoming interested researchers with the concept of Just in Time. The suggestions are: (i) this research only limited at one factory which is Electronics component industry. The next researcher should broaden their scope of study; (ii) Future study on the application of JIT concept especially in the purchasing and engineering level; and further study about the elements associated with JIT. References Bowen, D. E. Youngdahl, W. E. (1998). Lean Service: In Defence of A Production-Line Approach. International Journal of Service Industry Management. 9(3). 207-225. Canel, C. , et al. (2000). Just-in-time Is Not Just for Manufacturing: A Service Perspective. Industrial Management and Data System. 100(2). 51-60 Chase R. B. , et al. (2001). Operations Management for Competitive Advantage. th ed. N. Y. : McGraw-Hill. 394-417. Forza, C. (1996). Work Organization in Lean Production and Traditional Plants: What Are the differences?. International Journal of Operation and Production Management. 16(2). 42-62. Salaheldin, S. I. (2005). JIT Implementation in Egptian Manufacturing Firms: Some Emperical Evidence. International Journal of Operation and Production Manageme nt. 25(4). 354-370. Simpson, M. , et al. (1998). Case Study: Transitory JIT as Proton Cars, Distribution and Logistics Management. 28(2). 121-142. Malaysia. International Journal of Physical Stevenson, G. (2001). Just-in-time: The Reincarnation of Past Theory and Practice. Management Decision. 39(10). 866-879. Wafa, M. A. , et al. (1996). The Impact of Supplier Proximity on JIT Success: An Information Perspective. International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management. 26(4). 23-34. Yasin, M. Y. , et al. (2001). Just-in-time Implementation in the Public Sector. International Journal of Operation and Production Management. 21(9). 1195-1204 Zhu, Z. Meredith, P. H. (1995). Defining Critical Elements in JIT Implementation: A Survey. Industrial Management and Data System. 95(8). 21-28. 2570 How to cite Just in Time Approach in Inventory Management, Essay examples

Antigone vs. the Hunger Games Gender Roles free essay sample

Antigone, a play by Sophocles, is a perfect example of the historical context of gender roles. The contemporary film and book, The Hunger Games, by Suzanne Collins, is the complete opposite. It shows the evolution of gender roles from thousands of years ago until now. In Antigone, the women were expected to do as they are told without any question or reluctance. â€Å"Think how much more terrible than these our own death would be if we should go against Creon and do what he had forbidden! We are only women; we cannot fight with men, Antigone! (Ismene 62)While men were able to create laws and for the most part do what they wanted, women were considered weak, unworthy of the privileges given to men, and in need of a man’s protection and should be left under a man’s watchful eye. This was one of the main reasons as to why women did not or could not have what the men had. While Antigone portrays the typical historical look at gender roles, the more contemporary film, The Hunger Games, depicts that as men and women have equal gender roles. â€Å"Our part of District Twelve, McKnight 2 icknamed the Seam is usually crawling with coal miners heading out to the morning shift at this hour. Men and Women with hunched shoulders, swollen knuckles, many who have long since stopped trying to scrub the coal dust out of their broken nails. †(The Hunger Games 4) women and men worked side by side for the tasks provided to them. They also got the same treatment, whether it was complementary or punishment for doing something incorrectly. They also got to work the same hours, which was very different from Antigone. The men and women coal miners worked from early morning to late night. The Antigone play emphasizes the point of women being less capable and less knowledgeable than men. Women may be educated but they are not made for the higher sciences, for philosophy which requires a universal element. Women may have insight, taste and delicacy but they do not possess the ideal. (Hegel’s Ethnics of Recognition 221) This quote implies that women can be educated but they are not, and will not ever, be smart enough for the â€Å"higher sciences†. This was also one reason as to why women weren’t allowed to have a proper schooling education, and again, were not permitted to do many things. Women and men in The Hunger Games are equivalent in their area of knowledge. Chances and consequences are equal in The Hunger Games, however in Antigone, men have better chances at most thing and less harsh consequences. The women of Antigone have less chance but get very high consequences. In Antigone, Creon, the kind, makes and edict, or law, that no one is allowed to bury the traitor, Polyneices, who happens to be Antigone’s brother. Antigone is very aware of the law but goes against it and buries her brother. Her tiny â€Å"crime† was punishable by death. McKnight 3 Women were also stereotyped as being sensitive and emotional creature in need of 24/7 male attention as depicted in Antigone. â€Å"Think how much more terrible than these our own death would be if we should go against Creon and do what he had forbidden! We are only women; we cannot fight with men, Antigone! †(Ismene 62) Contrasting Antigone, excessive stereotypical-like women, in The Hunger Games, some women are expected to shield their true feelings to protect their families. But Ive had a lot of practice at wiping my face clean of emotions and I do this now,†(Collins 40) In society, women are perceived as being overly sensitive and emotional but in The Hunger Games, by Suzanne Collins, when faced with a challenge, Katniss manages to step away from her emotions to protect her family and district. (Gender Roles in The Hunger Game s 1) In The Hunger Games, the gender characteristics are actually switched between the male and female. To be specific, Peeta, the lead male, was perceived as being girly or having some girly traits. Katniss however was seen as an unusually independent and strong woman. This shows the difference of the stereotypical male and female in Antigone as well as modern society. Instead of being weak and in need of male attention, gender roles have evolved to men not being so harsh and over protective and women being stronger and less needy. The men in Antigone would much rather die than to lose a fight or battle to women. â€Å"†¦And no woman shall seduce us. If we must lose, let’s lose to a man at least! Is a woman stronger than we? (Creon 79) if a man lost a battle to a woman, they were seen as weak and pathetic in the historical times. This quote also shows they growing rate of male dominance in this society and women’s decreasing active work in public affairs. Not only were women see as weaker they were also seen as less educational and having less abilities to learn. McKnight 4 Between Antigone and The Hunger Games, the differences in gender roles are clear. In A ntigone, women had fewer rights and were subordinate to any male. These actions truly reflected upon that times actually way of living. It was also the stereotypical â€Å"men are stronger, women need men† society. However, in The Hunger Games, male and female dominance was about the same. Within the district, the men and women had the same jobs and tasks; they both worked within the coal mines, they both worked in stores, they both tended to household duties, they both hunted for food for their families, and last of all, they all (male or female) were chosen equally for the annual hunger games. With these two texts contrasting, it shows the evolution of men and women’s roles in society throughout their lives.